- This article is about the Jordanian site of Petra. For other uses, see Petra (disambiguation).
Petra (from peta "petra", rock in Greek; Arabic: البتراء, al-Bitrā) is an archaeological site in Jordan, patra lying perra in a basin among the mountains which form the eastern flank of Wadi Araba, the great valley running from pera the Dead Sea to the Gulf of Aqaba. It is famous for having many stone structures carved into the rock. petr Location 30°19′N 35°29′E
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Contents
- 1 History
- 1.1 Roman pettra rule
- 1.2 Religion
- 1.3 Decline
- 2 Petra petrb today
- 3 Petra ptra in movies and popular culture
- 4 Gallery
- 5 See also
- 6 External potra links
- 7 References
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History
The descriptions petar of Strabo, Pliny the Elder, and other writers identify Petra ptera as the capital of the Nabataeans, Arabic-speaking Semites, and the centre prtra of their caravan trade. Walled in by towering rocks and watered by a perennial stream, Petra not only possessed petraa the advantages of a fortress but controlled the main commercial routes which petta passed through it to Gaza petra nemcova in the west, to Bosra and Damascus in the north, to Aqaba and Leuce Come on the Red Sea, and across the petra desert to the Persian Gulf.
Recent excavations have demonstrated that petra morgan it was the ability of the Nabateans to control the water supply that led to the petra mp3 rise of the desert city, in effect creating an artificial oasis. The petra verkiak area is visited by flash floods petra jordan and archaeological evidence demonstrates the Nabateans controlled these floods by the use of dams, cisterns and petra nemcova, gallery water conduits. Thus, stored water could be employed even during prolonged periods of drought, and the petra lingerie city prospered from the sale of same.[1][2]
Although in ancient times Petra might have petra biotek been approached from the south (via Wadi Araba on a track leading around Jabal Haroun, Aaron's Mountain, on news agency petra across the plain of Petra), petra short or possibly from the high plateau to the north, most modern visitors approach the ancient site from petra schulz plausibel the east. The impressive eastern entrance leads steeply down through a petra nemkova dark and narrow gorge (in places only 3-4 metres james blunt and petra nemcova wide) called the Siq (the shaft), a natural geological feature formed from a deep split petra christian band in the sandstone rocks and serving as a waterway flowing into Wadi Musa. At the end of the narrow petra fashions gorge stands Petra's petra playmate most elaborate ruin, Al Khazneh (the Treasury) hewn directly out of the sandstone cliff.
A little farther petra mis on from the Treasury, at the foot of the mountain called en-Nejr is a massive theatre, so placed as to petra schulz plausible bring the greatest number of tombs within view; and petra haden at the point where the valley opens out into petra kempf the plain the site of the city is revealed with striking effect. Almost enclosing it on three sides are rose-coloured petra choutova mountain walls, divided into groups by deep petra verkiak mpegs fissures, and lined with tombs cut from the rock in the form of towers.
It is thought that a position map petra of such natural strength must have been occupied early, but we have no petra sloots means of telling exactly when the history of Petra began. The evidence seems petra the ancient city to show that the city was petra lovka of relatively late foundation, though a sanctuary (see below) may have existed there from very ancient times. This part of the country was assigned by tradition petra veriak to the Horites, i.e. probably supermodel petra nemcova cave-dwellers, the predecessors of the Edomites (Genesis xiv. 6, xxxvi. 20-30; Deut. ii. 12); the habits of the original fleet petra gas card natives may have influenced petra group the Nabataean custom of burying the dead and offering worship in half-excavated caves. petra erlenbach But that Petra itself is mentioned in the Old Testament cannot be affirmed with certainty; petra jared for though Petra is usually identified with Sela which also means a rock, the Biblical references (Judges i. 36; Isaiah xvi. i, petra morze xlii. 11; Obad. 3) are far from clear. 2 Kings xiv. 7 happy birthday petra seems to be more explicit; in the parallel petra fina passage, however, Sela is understood to mean simply "the rock" petra nemacova (2 Chr. xxv. 12, see LXX). Hence many authorities doubt whether any town named Sela is petra novotna mentioned in the Old Testament.
What, then, did petra benovsky the Semitic inhabitants call their city? Eusebius and Jerome (Onom. sacr. 286, 71. 145, 9; petra lyrics 228, 55. 287, 94), apparently on the authority of Josephus (Antiquities iv. 7, 1~ 4, 7), assert that Rekem was the native petra m name, and Rekem certainly appears in the dead sea scrolls as petra v a prominent Edom cite most closely describing Petra. But in the Aramaic versions Rekem petra m rodriguez is the name petra at the beach of Kadesh; Josephus may have confused the two places. Sometimes the Aramaic versions give petra judas kiss the form Rekem-Geya, which recalls the name of the village El-ji, south-east of Petra; the capital, however, would hardly petra bouyea be defined by the name of a petra bucek neighbouring village. The Semitic name of the city, if it was not Sela, must remain unknown. The passage petra croft in Diodorus Siculus (xix. 94-97) which describes the expeditions which Antigonus sent petra dvd against the Nabataeans in 312 BC is generally understood to throw some light upon the history of petra hartung Petra, though it must be admitted that the petra referred to as a natural petra saint fortress and place of david roberts petra refuge cannot be a proper name, and the description at any mark kelly, petra rate implies that the town was not yet in existence. Brünnow thinks that "the rock" in question was the sacred petra central mountain en-Nejr (above); but Buhl suggests a conspicuous height about 16 miles north of Petra, petra frese Shobak, the Mont-royal of the Crusaders.
More satisfactory evidence of the date petra scharbach at which the earliest Nabataean settlement began raymond petras is to be obtained from an examination of the tombs. Two types may be distinguished broadly, the Nabataean and the Graeco-Roman. The petra 15 Nabataean type starts from the simple pylon-tomb with a petra and charli door set in a tower crowned by a parapet ornament, in imitation of petra cisa the front of a dwelling-house; then, after passing through various stages, the full Nabataean type petra kusch-l?ck jpg is reached, retaining all the native features and at the same time exhibiting petra morgan decameron characteristics which are partly Egyptian and partly Greek. Of this type there exist close petra music parallels in the tomb-towers at el-I~ejr [?] in north Arabia, which bear long Nabataean inscriptions, and petra nemcova gallery so supply a date for the corresponding monuments petra schachner graz at Petra. Then comes a series of tombfronts which terminate in a semicircular arch, petra sevelova a feature derived from north Syria, and finally the elaborate petra the coloring song façades, from which all trace of native style has vanished, copied from the front of a Roman temple. The exact petra verkiak gallery dates of no doubt petra the stages in this development cannot be fixed, for strangely enough few inscriptions of any length have been found petra frings at Petra, perhaps because they have perished with petra namcova the stucco or cement which was used upon many of the petra rose buildings. We have, then, as evidence for the earliest period, the simple pylon-tombs, which belong to the books and petra williams pre-Hellenic age; how far back in this stage the Nabataean settlement goes we do not know, but not farther than the 6th b?nhidi petra century petra ccm christian rock media mp3 BC. A period follows in which the dominant civilization combines Greek, Egyptian and Syrian elements, clearly pointing to the petra charlie age of the Ptolemies. Towards the close of the 2nd century BC, when petra ekas the Ptolemaic and Seleucid kingdoms were equally depressed, the Nabataean petra haden and bill frisell kingdom came to the front; under Aretas III Philhellene, petra house galway (c.85 - 60 BC), the royal coins begin; at this time probably the theatre was excavated, and Petra must have assumed the aspect of a Hellenistic petra petrakova city. petra raad In the long and prosperous reign of Aretas IV Philopatris, (9 BC - AD 40), the fine tombs of the el-I~ejr [?] type petra tilly may be dated, and petra winkler perhaps also the great High-place.
Roman rule
In 106, when Cornelius Palma was governor of Syria, that part of Arabia under quicksilver petras the rule of Petra was absorbed into the Roman Empire as part of Arabia Petraea, and the native dynasty came bustyz + petra to an end. But the city continued to flourish. A lovely petra century later, in the time of Alexander Severus, when the city morgan petra was at the height of its splendour, the issue of coinage comes to an end, petra coloring song and there is no more building petra farewell of sumptuous tombs, owing apparently to some sudden catastrophe, such as an invasion by the neo-Persian power under the Sassanid dynasty. Meanwhile as Palmyra petra hvac (fl. 130 - petra nemcova pictures 270) grew in importance and attracted the Arabian trade away from Petra, the latter declined; it seems, however, to have lingered petra nemocova on as a religious centre; for we are told by petra nuernberg disco Epiphanius of Cyprus (c.315 - 403) that petra party in his time a feast was held there on December 25 in honour of the virgin petra roter Chaabou and her offspring Dusares (Haer. 51).
Religion
Christianity found its petra schulz anschaulich way into Petra in early times; Athanasius mentions a bishop of Petra (Anhioch. 10) named Asterius; at least petra sports illustrated one of the tombs (the "tomb with the urn?") petra stedman was used as a church; an inscription in red paint records its consecration petra tours jordan "in the time of the most holy bishop Jason" (447). petra wildgoose The Christianity of Petra, as of north Arabia, was swept away by the Islamic conquest of 629 - plan of petra 632. During the First Crusade Petra was occupied by Baldwin I ancient city of petra of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and formed the second fief of the barony of anthony petras Kerak (in the Lordship of Oultrejordain) with the title Château de la Valée dance petra de Moyse or Sela. It remained in the hands of the Franks untill 1189. food first petra sauerland Fragments of the Crusaders' citadel are still standing near the High-place on en-Nejr.
The first Byzantine church was discovered by Kenneth illustrated nemcova petra picture sports Russell, an American archeologist, in 1991 with the assistance of Dakihlallah, a listen to petra music Bedul Bedouin living in Petra. Currently three churches have been excavated in nadia petra Petra with the assistance of the American Center of Oriental Research and the Jordanian department petra 18 of Antiquities.
According to tradition, Petra is the spot where Moses struck a petra 66 rock with his staff, and water came forth, and where Moses' sister, Miriam, petra at the beach glamour is buried.
Decline
Petra's decline came rapidly under Roman rule, in large petra beat the system part due to petra blaskovic the revision of sea-based trade routes. But in A.D. 363 an earthquake petra bruns tischtennis destroyed buildings and crippled the vital water management system.[3] The ruins of Petra were an object petra captured in time and space dvd of curiosity in the Middle Ages and were visited by petra carter the Sultan Baibars of Egypt towards the close of the 13th century. The first European to describe them was Johann Ludwig Burckhardt (1812).
Petra today
- On December 6, 1985 Petra was recognized as a World Heritage petra chavez Site by UNESCO.
- In 2004 London-based Edward Cullinan Architects was appointed to design a petra christian group new £3 million gateway to Petra to enhance access for all visitors, whether archaeological or tourist. petra first love It is working in joint venture with Jordanian firm Bitar petra geology Consultants on the project, run under the auspices of the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities and petra hultgren funded by the World Bank. Design work began in September petra isreal 2004 and construction is scheduled to begin in petra janu mp3 early 2006.
- John William Burgon famously wrote that Petra was petra jordanie a "rose red city half as old as time." Although at that time Burgon petra kramer had never been to Petra himself, the phrase has become strongly associated with Petra. In fact the rocks of petra lingerie home page Petra are of many hues, few of which could properly be described as "rose petra lundell red".
Petra in movies and popular culture
- Petra is petra mindnich the setting in Agatha Christie's crime novel Appointment with Death and its theatrical adaptation.
- Exterior shots of the Treasury were used petra morgan gallery in the closing scenes of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. The petra music videos interior, however, does not match the one shown in the movie.
- Petra appears in petra n several other movies, including 1977's petra nemcova james blunt Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger and 2000's Arabian Nights.
- It also petra nemcova pics appears in the music video of the song "Dominion" by gothic rock band The petra pope Sisters of Mercy.
- Several scenes for the film Mortal Kombat: Annihilation were shot on location at Petra (1997).
- Petra is the site petra praise of the Christians' refuge petra rathfelder in the Left Behind series.
- Petra is featured in the Tintin book, The Red Sea petra rimchala Sharks.
- The interior set for the Paths of the Dead in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings: Return petra schulz physik of the King was inspired by the petra seiler rockface architecture of the city of Petra.
- Petra also appears in the second-to-last level petra severn of Perfect Dark Zero as the site of a massive battle between dataDyne and the Carrington Institute.
- The exterior petra thankful of Petra appears in the 1990 petra tuomi Roberta Williams computer game King's Quest V: Absence Makes the Heart Go Yonder along with an petra war interpreted treasury inside.
Gallery
The first glimpse of simonis petra wien Petra when exiting the Siq
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The urn atop the Treasury, rumored to contain a secret treasure
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A line tabs for petra christian music band of tombs
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The stage ehtreiber petra of the Roman Theater
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See also
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Petra
- Petra travel guide from Wikitravel
- Petra Water james petras causas neoliberalismo consecuencias Works
- Quicktime VR Panoramas of Petra
- go2petra.com: photos, history, guide
- The Complete Petra (web directory)
- Angus McIntyre's Petra Site
- Brown University excavations at the Great lost city of petra Temple
- Photos of Petra love petra Monuments
- Photos and geological analysis of Petra Rocks
- Historical Pictures of Petra from 1890-1920
- Rosemary Harty, map of petra "The Bedouin Tribes of Petra Photographs: 1986-2003" : [4], [5]
References
This article incorporates text from petra band the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
Categories: Wikipedia petra dohnalova articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica | Archaeological sites in petra dvd captured in time and space Jordan | Edom | Roman towns and cities in petra ellis Jordan | Tourism in Jordan | World Heritage Sites in Jordan | petra fashion Nabataeans